Liquid electrolyte for an electrochemical gas sensor

ABSTRACT

A liquid electrolyte, for an electrochemical gas sensor for detecting NH3 or gas mixtures containing NH3, contains at least one solvent, one conductive salt and/or one organic mediator. The conductive salt is an ionic liquid, an inorganic salt, an organic salt or a mixture thereof. The electrolyte preferably is comprised of (I) water, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate or a mixture thereof as solvent; (ii) LiCl, KCl, tetrabutylammonium toluenesulphonate or 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate as conductive salt; and (iii) tert-butylhydroquinone or anthraquinone-2-sulphonate as organic mediator.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation under 37 CFR 1.53(b) of pending priorU.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/890,757 filed Nov. 12, 2015, andclaims the benefit (35 U.S.C. § 120 and 365(c)) of InternationalApplication PCT/EP2014/002362 filed Sep. 1, 2014, which designated interalia the United States and which claims the priority of German PatentApplication 10 2013 014 995.9 filed Sep. 9, 2013, the entire contents ofeach application are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention pertains to a liquid electrolyte for anelectrochemical gas sensor, especially for an electrochemical gas sensorfor detecting NH₃ or gas mixtures containing NH₃.

TECHNICAL BACKGROUND

Electrochemical gas sensors, with which the concentration of gaseousammonia (NH₃) can be detected over a limited time period, are generallyknown. Such sensors are usually used in a great variety of industrialareas, ranging from the chemical industry to agricultural plants via themonitoring of refrigerating systems. They are used especially torecognize critical concentrations of the flammable ammonia gas, which istoxic and corrosive on inhalation and to warn against a correspondingrisk.

The electrolyte used in the sensor is one of the essential components ofsuch an electrochemical sensor. The electrolyte is in conductive contactwith at least one anode and one cathode. If the gas to be detectedenters the electrochemical sensor, a reaction, which leads to ameasurable flow of current between the anode and the cathode of thesensor, will typically take place between the gas, the electrolyte andthe material of the electrode.

Thus, EP 0 395 927 B1 describes an electrochemical measuring cell fordetermining ammonia or hydrazine in a gaseous or liquid test sample withat least one measuring electrode and one counterelectrode, which areaccommodated in an electrolyte chamber filled with a solubleelectrolyte, and which is closed by a permeable membrane towards thetest sample.

EP 0 556 558 B1 also provides for an electrochemical measuring cell fordetermining ammonia, amines, hydrazine and hydrazine derivatives. It isproposed here that a hygroscopic alkali or alkaline earth salt be usedas the conductive electrolyte. This shall prevent the drying out of theelectrolyte and make possible in this way the most long-term usabilitypossible of the sensor.

The detection of ammonia (NH₃) is carried out in electrochemical sensorsof such a design by means of an electrochemical reaction between theammonia gas flowing into the sensor, the electrodes and the electrolyteof the sensor. Entering ammonia gas is oxidized at the measuringelectrode in the course of this reaction. The ammonium ions formed inthe process are subsequently deprotonated again at the counterelectrode.However, it may prove to be problematic in this connection, for example,that additional nitrogen compounds may be formed as a byproduct of thisreaction, which may lead to blocking (poisoning) of the electrodesurfaces.

SUMMARY

Based on this, an object of the present invention is to overcome theseand other drawbacks of the state of the art.

To accomplish this object, the present invention provides for liquidelectrolyte for an electrochemical gas sensor, especially for anelectrochemical gas sensor that is suitable for the detection of NH₃ orNH₃-containing gas mixtures, the present invention makes provisions forthe electrolyte to contain at least one solvent, a conductive saltand/or an organic mediator, wherein the conductive salt is an ionicliquid, an inorganic salt, an organic salt or a mixture thereof.

Especially for electrochemical gas sensors, in which electrodesconsisting of noble metal or carbon nanotubes are used, such anelectrolyte can be used with great advantage to improve the resistanceof such a sensor to continuous gas admission. In particular, the risk ofa poisoning, as was described above, can be markedly minimized in thisway.

It is especially advantageous in this connection if the electrolytecontains a buffer, wherein said buffer is preferably a compoundcorresponding to

R¹—(CR²R³)_(n)—SO₃H,  Formula I

in which n=1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, preferably n=2 or n=3, wherein all R² and R³are selected, independently from one another, from among H, NH and OH,and wherein R¹ is selected from the group containing piperazinyl,substituted piperazinyl, N-morpholino, cycloalkyl, andtris-(hydroxyalkyl)alkyl. For example, R² and R³ may be selected,independently from one another, from the group containing piperazinyl,substituted piperazinyl, N-morpholino, cycloalkyl, andtris-(hydroxyalkyl)alkyl. R² and R³ may be selected, independently fromone another, from among H, NH and OH, wherein n=2 and R¹ is selectedfrom the group containing N-morpholino and tris-(hydroxyalkyl)alkyl. Forexample, it is especially advantageous here if n=2 or n=3, wherein allR² and R³ are selected, independently from one another, from among H, NHand OH, and wherein R¹ is selected from among[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1]-piperazinyl, (N-morpholino), -cyclohexyl, andtris-(hydroxymethyl)methyl. The buffer is especially preferably3-(N-morpholino)-propanesulfonic acid or 3-(N-morpholino)-ethanesulfonicacid. The electrolyte may be a mixture of a solvent, a conductive saltand/or an organic mediator, wherein the conductive salt is an ionicliquid, an inorganic salt, an organic salt or a mixture thereof, andwherein the electrolyte contains, in addition, especially a buffer,which is selected from among 3-(N-morpholino)-propanesulfonic acid or3-(N-morpholino)-ethanesulfonic acid.

To prevent the electrolyte from drying out after a certain time, e.g.,if the sensor shall be used in continuous operation, it is advantageous,moreover, if the electrolyte contains a component for lowering the vaporpressure as an additional component. The additional component maypreferably be an alkylene glycol or polyalkylene glycol, and it isespecially preferably propylene glycol, ethylene glycol or a mixture ofpropylene glycol and ethylene glycol. The electrolyte may be a mixtureof a solvent, a conductive salt and/or an organic mediator, wherein theconductive salt is an ionic liquid, an inorganic salt, an organic saltor a mixture thereof, and wherein the electrolyte contains, moreover, atleast one alkylene glycol, especially an alkylene glycol, which isselected from among propylene glycol, ethylene glycol or a mixture ofpropylene glycol and ethylene glycol.

It is favorable, furthermore, if the solvent is selected from the groupcontaining water and alkylene carbonate or mixtures thereof, preferablyselected from the group containing water, propylene carbonate, ethylenecarbonate or mixtures thereof. The electrolyte may be a mixture of asolvent, a conductive salt and/or an organic mediator, wherein theconductive salt is an ionic liquid, an inorganic salt, an organic saltor a mixture thereof and wherein the solvent is water. As an alternativethe electrolyte may be a mixture of a solvent, a conductive salt and/oran organic mediator, wherein the conductive salt is an ionic liquid, aninorganic salt, an organic salt or a mixture thereof and wherein thesolvent is alkylene carbonate, especially propylene carbonate, ethylenecarbonate or a mixture of propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate. Inthis connection, in particular, the electrolyte may be a mixture of asolvent, a conductive salt and/or an organic mediator, wherein theconductive salt is an ionic liquid, an inorganic salt, an organic saltor a mixture thereof, wherein the electrolyte also contains, moreover, abuffer especially a buffer that is selected from among3-(N-morpholino)-propanesulfonic acid or 3-(N-morpholino)-ethanesulfonicacid and wherein the solvent is alkylene carbonate, especially propylenecarbonate, ethylene carbonate or a mixture of propylene carbonate andethylene carbonate. The electrolyte may be a mixture of a solvent, aconductive slat and/or an organic mediator, wherein the conductive saltis an ionic liquid, an inorganic salt, an organic salt or a mixturethereof, wherein the electrolyte contains, moreover, at least onealkylene glycol, especially an alkylene glycol, which is selected fromamong propylene glycol, ethylene glycol or a mixture of propylene glycoland ethylene glycol, and wherein the solvent is alkylene carbonate,especially propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate or a mixture ofpropylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate.

The anion of the conductive salt is preferably selected from the groupcontaining halides, carbonate, sulfonate, phosphate and/or phosphonate,preferably an anion selected from the group containing alkyl sulfonate,alkenyl sulfonate, aryl sulfonate, alkyl phosphate, alkenyl phosphate,aryl phosphate, substituted alkyl sulfonate, substituted alkenylsulfonate, substituted aryl sulfonate, substituted alkyl phosphate,substituted alkenyl phosphate, substituted aryl phosphate, halogenatedphosphate, halogenated sulfonate, halogenated alkyl sulfonate,halogenated alkenyl sulfonate, halogenated aryl sulfonate, halogenatedalkyl phosphate, halogenated alkenyl phosphate, halogenated arylphosphate, especially preferably an anion selected from the groupcontaining fluorophosphate, alkyl fluorophosphate, aryl sulfonate, andespecially preferably from the group containing perfluoroalkylfluorophosphate and toluene sulfonate.

It is advantageous if the conductive salt contains metal ions, oniumions or mixture of metal ions and onium ions as cations. For example,the metal ions may be selected from among alkali metal ions or alkalineearth metal ions, preferably from among Li, K and/or Na. It is favorableif the onium ions are selected from among ammonium, phosphonium,guanidinium cations and heterocyclic cations, preferably selected fromamong alkylammonium and heterocyclic cations, especially preferablyselected from among alkylammonium, imidazolium and/or substitutedimidazolium ions, wherein the substituted imidazolium ions preferablyhave a structure corresponding to:

wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄ and R₅ may be selected, independently from oneanother, from among —H, straight-chain or branched alkyl containing 1 to20 C atoms, straight-chain or branched alkenyl containing 2 to 20 Catoms and one or more double bonds, straight-chain or branched alkinylcontaining 2 to 20 C atoms and one or more triple bonds, saturated,partially or fully unsaturated cycloalkyl containing 3-7 C atoms, whichmay be substituted with alkyl groups containing 1 to 6 C atoms,saturated, partially or fully unsaturated heteroaryl,heteroaryl-C1-C6-alkyl or aryl-C1-C6-alkyl, wherein R₂, R₄ and R₅ areespecially preferably H, and R₁ and R₃ represent each, independentlyfrom one another, a straight-chain or branched alkyl containing 1 to 20C atoms.

In particular, for example, that tetrabutyl ammonium toluene sulfonateor 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium-tris(pentafluoroethyl)-trifluorophosphatemay be used as the conductive salt. As an alternative the conductivesalt is, for example, LiCl, KCl or a mixture of LiCl and KCl. It is thusespecially advantageous if the electrolyte is a mixture of a solvent, aconductive salt and/or an organic mediator, wherein the conductive saltis selected from among LiCl, KCl, alkylammonium toluene sulfonate andionic liquids, with a perfluoroalkyl fluorophosphate anion.

It is favorable, furthermore, if the organic mediator is a polyhydroxycompound, which forms a quinoid system or a naphthalene system duringoxidation. For example, the inorganic mediator may be selected from thegroup containing ortho-dihydroxybenzene, para-dihydroxybenzene,substituted ortho-dihydroxybenzenes and substitutedpara-dihydroxybenzenes, dihydroxynaphthalene, substituteddihydroxynaphthalene, anthrahydroquinone, substitutedanthrahydroquinone, preferably 1,2-dihydroxybenzene,1,4-dihydroxybenzene, naphthohydroquinone, substituted 1,2- or1,4-dihydroxybenzene, substituted hydroquinone, substitutednaphthohydroquinone, especially preferably substitutedanthrahydroquinone, substituted hydroquinone, and substituted1,2-dihydroxybenzene. It is especially favorable in this connection ifthe substituents of the substituted anthraquinone, substituted1,2-dihydroxybenzene and/or substituted 1,4-hydroquinone are selectedfrom the group containing sulfonyl, tert.-butyl, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl,preferably sulfonic acid and/or tert.-butyl.

It is especially favorable in any case if the electrolyte contains amixture of propylene carbonate and/or ethylene carbonate as the solvent,LiCl, KCl, tetrabutylammonium toluene sulfonate and/or1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)-trifluorophosphateor a mixture of two or more of these components as the conductive saltand tert.-butylhydroquinone and/or a substituted anthraquinone,preferably anthraquinone-2-sulfonate as organic mediator.

The concentration of the organic mediator may be between 10⁻⁶ mol/L and10⁻² mol/L. Thus, the organic mediator may be contained in theelectrolyte at a concentration of 10⁻² mol/L or less, preferably 10⁻³mol/L or less, especially preferably 5·10⁻⁴ mol/L or less, especiallypreferably 2·10⁻⁴ mol/L or less. The organic mediator may be containedin the electrolyte at a concentration of 106 mol/L or more, preferably10⁻⁵ mol/L or more, especially preferably 5·10⁻⁵ mol/L or more,especially preferably 8·10⁻⁵ mol/L or more, and especially preferably10⁻⁴ mol/L or more. In particular, the organic mediator may be presentat a concentration of 10⁻⁵ mol/L to 10⁻³ mol/L, preferably 5·10⁻⁵ mol/Lto 5·10⁻⁴ mol/L, especially preferably 8·10⁻⁵ mol/L to 2·10⁻⁴ mol/L, andespecially preferably 10⁻⁴ mol/L.

An electrolyte according to the present invention can be obtainedespecially preferably by means of a method that comprises the followingsteps:

-   -   a. Charging the solvent into a reaction vessel,    -   b. Addition of the buffer,    -   c. Addition of the organic mediator,    -   d. Heating of the mixture while stirring for about 15 minutes at        150° C.,    -   e. Stirring for about one hour without further supply of heat        until all solids are dissolved,    -   f. Cooling to room temperature, and    -   g. Addition of the conductive salt.

The various features of novelty which characterize the invention arepointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming apart of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention,its operating advantages and specific objects attained by its uses,reference is made to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter inwhich preferred embodiments of the invention are illustrated.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a schematic design of an electrochemical gas sensor, withwhich the electrolyte according to the present invention for detectingammonia can be used; and

FIG. 2 is a schematic course of a detection reaction for NH₃ in anelectrochemical gas sensor, which contains an electrolyte according tothe present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 shows an electrochemical gas sensor 10, which has a housing 20with an electrolyte reservoir 30. A gas inlet 21 and a gas outlet 22 areformed in the housing. A working electrode 51 is arranged within thehousing 20 such that the working electrode 51 is in contact with gasthat is flowing into the housing 20 through the gas inlet 21. Theworking electrode 51 is separated from a collecting electrode 52 bymeans of a glass fiber membrane 55. The collecting electrode 52 is inturn separated from the electrolyte reservoir 30 with a glass fibermembrane 55. Furthermore, a counterelectrode 53 and a referenceelectrode 54 are arranged within the electrolyte reservoir 30.

The electrolyte 40 according to the present invention is present in theelectrolyte reservoir 30. The glass fiber membranes 55 can beimpregnated with the electrolyte. The electrolyte 40 can reach in thisway both the working electrode 51 and the collecting electrode 52, sothat a chemical reaction can take place there corresponding to thescheme shown in FIG. 2 between NH₃ flowing in, the material of theworking and collecting electrodes 51, 52 and the electrolyte 40.

NH₃ flowing into the gas sensor 10 reacts now on the surface of theworking electrode 51 with the electrolyte. The working electrode 51preferably consists, e.g., of a PTFE membrane with a carbon nanotubescoating. The counterelectrode 53 preferably consists of a noble metal.The electrolyte 40 is a composition of propylene carbonate and/orethylene carbonate as the solvent,1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium-tris(pentafluoroethyl)-trifluorophosphate asa conductive salt and tert.-butyl-1,2-dihydroxybenzene as the organicmediator in this example. The electrolyte preferably contains,furthermore, a buffer, namely, 3-(N-morpholino)-propanesulfonic acid. Ascan be seen in FIG. 2, the tert.-butyl-1,2-dihydroxybenzene is oxidizedinto tert.-butylquinone at the working electrode. The protons releasedin the process react with the NH₃ flowing into the gas sensor 10 intoammonium ions. The ammonium ions reach the counterelectrode 53, wherethe reverse reaction of the tert.-butylquinone formed previously into1,2-dihydroxybenzene takes place. NH₃, which can escape through the gasoutlet 22, is released, in turn, from the ammonium ions. The buffer usedstabilizes the pH value of the electrolyte, which is present between theworking electrode and the counterelectrode 51, 53 in the electrolytereservoir 30, in the course of this reaction process.

Exemplary embodiment for preparing an electrolyte according to thepresent invention:

Polycarbonate is charged as a solvent into a reaction vessel. A 0.4-wt.% buffer, preferably 3-(N-morpholino)-propanesulfonic acid, is added tothe polycarbonate. In the next step, 6.9 wt. % of the organic mediator,preferably tert.-butyl-1,2-dihydroxybenzene, are added. The mixture isheated while stirring within 15 minutes, and a maximum temperature of150° C. is not exceeded. The mixture was subsequently stirred furtherfor one hour without supplying more heat until all solids weredissolved. The solution obtained has a clear, slightly yellowish color.

The solution thus obtained is allowed to stand until it is cooled toroom temperature. Then, 2.7 wt. % of the conductive salt, preferablyHMIM-FAP(3-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium-tris(pentafluoroethyl)-trifluorophosphte),are added, and the mixture is stirred briefly, for about 1 minute.

While specific embodiments of the invention have been shown anddescribed in detail to illustrate the application of the principles ofthe invention, it will be understood that the invention may be embodiedotherwise without departing from such principles.

What is claimed is:
 1. A liquid electrolyte for an electrochemical gassensor, the liquid electrolyte comprising: at least one solvent; atleast one of a conductive salt and an organic mediator, wherein theconductive salt is an ionic liquid, an inorganic salt, an organic saltor a mixture thereof; and a buffer, wherein the buffer is a compoundcorresponding toR¹—(CR²R³)_(n)—SO₃H,  Formula I in which n=1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, wherein allR² and R³ are selected, independently from one another, from among H, NHand OH, and wherein R¹ is selected from the group containingpiperazinyl, substituted piperazinyl, n-morpholino, cycloalkyl, andtris-(hydroxyalkyl)alkyl.
 2. An electrolyte according to claim 1,wherein n=2 or n=3, wherein all R² and R³ are selected, independentlyfrom one another, from among H, NH and OH, and wherein R¹ is selectedfrom among [4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1]-piperazinyl, (N-morpholino),N-cyclohexyl, tris-(hydroxymethyl)methyl, wherein the buffer is3-(N-morpholino)-propanesulfonic acid or 3-(N-morpholino)-ethanesulfonicacid.
 3. An electrolyte according to claim 1, further comprising anadditional for lowering vapor pressure, wherein the additional componentis an alkylene glycol or polyalkylene glycol.
 4. An electrolyteaccording to claim 1, wherein the solvent is selected from the groupcontaining water and alkylene carbonate or mixtures thereof.
 5. Anelectrolyte according to claim 1, wherein an anion of the conductivesalt is selected from the group containing halides, carbonate,sulfonate, phosphate and/or phosphonate.
 6. An electrolyte according toclaim 1, wherein the conductive salt contains as cations metal ions,onium ions or a mixture as metal ions and onium ions.
 7. An electrolyteaccording to claim 6, wherein the metal ions are selected from amongalkali metal ions or alkaline earth metal ions.
 8. An electrolyteaccording to claim 6, wherein the onium ions are selected from amongammonium, phosphonium and guanidium cations and heterocyclic cations,selected from among alkylammonium and heterocyclic cations,alkylammonium, imidazolium and/or substituted imidazolium ions, whereinsubstituted imidazolium ions have a structure corresponding to

wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄ and R₅ may be selected, independently from oneanother, from among —H, straight-chain or branched alkyl containing 1 to20 C atoms, straight-chain or branched alkenyl containing 2 to 20 Catoms and one or more double bonds, straight-chain or branched alkinylcontaining 2 to 20 C toms and one or more triple bonds, saturated,partially or fully unsaturated cycloalkyl containing 3-7 C atoms, whichmay be substituted with alkyl groups containing 1 to 6 C atoms,saturated or fully unsaturated heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C1-C6-alkyl oraryl-C1-C6-alkyl, wherein R₂, R₄ and R₅ are H, and R₁ and R₃ are each,independently from one another, a straight-chain or branched alkylcontaining 1 to 20 C atoms.
 9. An electrolyte according to claim 1,wherein the organic mediator is a polyhydroxy compound, which forms aquinoid system or a naphthalene system during oxidation.
 10. Anelectrolyte according to claim 9, wherein the organic mediator isselected from the group containing ortho-dihydroxybenzene,para-dihydroxybenzene, substituted ortho-dihydroxybenzenes andsubstituted para-dihydroxybenzenes, dihydroxynaphthalene, substituteddihydroxynaphthalene, anthrahydroquinone and substitutedanthrahydroquinone, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-dihydroxybenzene,naphthohydroquinone, substituted 1,2- or 1,4-dihydroxybenzene,substituted hydroquinone, substituted naphthohydroquinone, substitutedanthrahydroquinone, substituted hydroquinone and substituted1,2-dihydroxybenzene.
 11. An electrolyte according to claim 10, whereinthe substituents of the substituted anthraquinones, substituted1,2-dihydroxybenzene and/or substituted 1,4-hydroquinone are selectedfrom the group containing sulfonyl, tert.-butyl, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl,sulfonic acid and/or tert.-butyl.
 12. An electrolyte according to claim1, wherein the solvent is comprised of a mixture of propylene carbonateand/or ethylene carbonate, and the conductive salt is comprised of LiCl,KCl, tetrabutylammonium toluene sulfonate and/or1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris-(pentafluoroethyl)-trifluorophosphateor a mixture of two or more of these components, and the organicmediator is comprised of tert.-butylhydroquinone and/or a substitutedanthraquinone, anthraquinone 2-sulfonate as the organic mediator.
 13. Anelectrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the organic mediator iscontained in the electrolyte at a concentration of 10⁻² mol/L or less,preferably 10⁻³ mol/L or less.
 14. An electrolyte according to claim 1,wherein the organic mediator is contained in the electrolyte at aconcentration of 10⁻⁶ mol/L or more.
 15. An electrolyte according toclaim 3, wherein the additional component is propylene glycol, ethyleneglycol or a mixture of propylene glycol and ethylene glycol.
 16. Anelectrolyte according to claim 4, wherein the solvent is selected fromthe group containing water, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate ormixtures thereof.
 17. An electrolyte according to claim 5, wherein theanion is selected from the group containing alkyl sulfonate, alkenylsulfonate, aryl sulfonate, alkyl phosphate, alkenyl phosphate, arylphosphate, substituted alkyl sulfonate, substituted alkenyl sulfonate,substituted aryl sulfonate, substituted alkyl phosphate, substitutedalkenyl phosphate, substituted aryl phosphate, halogenated phosphate,halogenated sulfonate, halogenated alkyl sulfonate, halogenated alkenylsulfonate, halogenated aryl sulfonate, halogenated alkyl phosphate,halogenated alkenyl phosphate, and halogenated aryl phosphate.
 18. Anelectrolyte according to claim 5, wherein the anion is selected from thegroup containing fluorophosphate, alkyl fluorophosphate and arylsulfonate, perfluoroalkyl fluorophosphate and toluene sulfonate.
 19. Amethod for preparing an electrolyte, the method comprising the steps of:charging the solvent into the reaction vessel; adding the buffer,wherein the buffer is a compound corresponding toR¹—(CR²R³)_(n)—SO₃H,  Formula I in which n=1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, wherein allR² and R³ are selected, independently from one another, from among H, NHand OH, and wherein R¹ is selected from the group containingpiperazinyl, substituted piperazinyl, n-morpholino, cycloalkyl, andtris-(hydroxyalkyl)alkyl; adding the organic mediator; heating of themixture while stirring for about 15 minutes at 150° C.; stirring forabout one hour without further supply of heat until all solids aredissolved; cooling to room temperature; and adding the conductive salt.